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DDoS meaning: What is DDoS?
Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are a subclass of denial of service (DoS) attacks. A DDoS attack involves multiple connected online devices, collectively known as a botnet, which are used to overwhelm a target website with fake traffic.
Unlike other kinds of cyberattacks, DDoS assaults don’t attempt to breach your security perimeter. Rather, a DDoS attack aims to make your website and servers unavailable to legitimate users. DDoS can also be used as a smokescreen for other malicious activities and to take down security appliances, breaching the target’s security perimeter.
A successful distributed denial of service attack is a highly noticeable event impacting an entire online user base. This makes it a popular weapon of choice for hacktivists, cyber vandals, extortionists and anyone else looking to make a point or champion a cause.
DDoS attacks can come in short bursts or repeat assaults, but either way the impact on a website or business can last for days, weeks and even months, as the organization tries to recover. This can make DDoS extremely destructive to any online organization. Amongst other things, DDoS attacks can lead to loss of revenues, erode consumer trust, force businesses to spend fortunes in compensations and cause long-term reputation damage.
What Is IPtables?
netfilter iptables (soon to be replaced by nftables) is a user-space command line utility to configure kernel packet filtering rules developed by netfilter.
It’s the default firewall management utility on Linux systems – everyone working with Linux systems should be familiar with it or have at least heard of it.
iptables can be used to filter certain packets, block source or destination ports and IP addresses, forward packets via NAT and a lot of other things.
Most commonly it’s used to block destination ports and source IP addresses.
Why Your IPtables Anti-DDoS Rules Suck
To understand why your current iptables rules to prevent DDoS attacks suck, we first have to dig into how iptables works.
iptables is a command line tool used to set up and control the tables of IP packet filter rules. There are different tables for different purposes.
IPtables Tables
Filter: The filter table is the default and most commonly used table that rules go to if you don’t use the -t (–table) option.
NAT: This table is used for Network Address Translation (NAT). If a packet creates a new connection, the nat table gets checked for rules.
Mangle: The mangle table is used to modify or mark packets and their header information.
Raw: This table’s purpose is mainly to exclude certain packets from connection tracking using the NOTRACK target.
As you can see there are four different tables on an average Linux system that doesn’t have non-standard kernel modules loaded. Each of these tables supports a different set of iptables chains.
IPtables Chains
PREROUTING: raw, nat, mangle
- Applies to packets that enter the network interface card (NIC)
INPUT: filter, mangle
- Applies to packets destined to a local socket
FORWARD: filter, mangle
- Applies to packets that are being routed through the server
OUTPUT: raw, filter, nat, mangle
- Applies to packets that the server sends (locally generated)
POSTROUTING: nat, mangle
- Applies to packets that leave the server
Depending on what kind of packets you want to block or modify, you select a certain iptables table and a chain that the selected table supports.
Of course, we’re still missing an explanation of iptables targets (ACCEPT, DROP, REJECT, etc.), but we’re assuming that if you’re reading this article, you already know how to deal with iptables.
We’re going to explain why your iptables rules suck to stop DDoS and not teach you how to use iptables. Let’s get back to that.
If you want to block a DDoS attack with iptables, performance of the iptables rules is extremely important. Most TCP-based DDoS attack types use a high packet rate, meaning the sheer number of packets per second is what causes the server to go down.
That’s why you want to make sure that you can process and block as many packets per second as possible.
You’ll find that most if not all guides on how to block DDoS attacks using iptables use the filter table and the INPUT chain for anti-DDoS rules.
The issue with this approach is that the INPUT chain is only processed after the PREROUTING and FORWARD chains and therefore only applies if the packet doesn’t match any of these two chains.
This causes a delay in the filtering of the packet which consumes resources. In conclusion, to make our rules as effective as possible, we need to move our anti-DDoS rules as far up the chains as possible.
The first chain that can apply to a packet is the PREROUTING chain, so ideally we’ll want to filter the bad packets in this chain already.
However, the filter table doesn’t support the PREROUTING chain. To get around this problem, we can simply use the mangle table instead of the filter table for our anti-DDoS iptables rules.
It supports most if not all rules that the filter table supports while also supporting all iptables chains.
So you want to know why your iptables DDoS protection rules suck? It’s because you use the filter table and the INPUT chain to block the bad packets!
The best solution to dramatically increase the performance of your iptables rules and therefore the amount of (TCP) DDoS attack traffic they can filter is to use the mangle table and the PREROUTING chain!
The Best Linux Kernel Settings to Mitigate DDoS
Another common mistake is that people don’t use optimized kernel settings to better mitigate the effects of DDoS attacks.
Note that this guide focuses on CentOS 7 as the operating system of choice. CentOS 7 includes a recent version of iptables and support of the new SYNPROXY target.
We won’t cover every single kernel setting that you need to adjust in order to better mitigate DDoS with iptables.
Instead, we provide a set of CentOS 7 kernel settings that we would use. Just put the below in your /etc/sysctl.conf file and apply the settings with sysctl -p.
Default the file /etc/sysctl.conf has only some hashed lines. Need to add the next code in the file.
Anti-DDoS Kernel Settings (sysctl.conf)
kernel.printk = 4 4 1 7
kernel.panic = 10
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.shmmax = 4294967296
kernel.shmall = 4194304
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
vm.swappiness = 20
vm.dirty_ratio = 80
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
fs.file-max = 2097152
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144
net.core.rmem_default = 31457280
net.core.rmem_max = 67108864
net.core.wmem_default = 31457280
net.core.wmem_max = 67108864
net.core.somaxconn = 65535
net.core.optmem_max = 25165824
net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh1 = 4096
net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh2 = 8192
net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh3 = 16384
net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_interval = 5
net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_stale_time = 120
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 10000000
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_loose = 0
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established = 1800
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_close = 10
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_close_wait = 10
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_fin_wait = 20
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_last_ack = 20
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_syn_recv = 20
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_syn_sent = 20
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_time_wait = 10
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc = 1
net.ipv4.route.flush = 1
net.ipv4.route.max_size = 8048576
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control = htcp
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 65536 131072 262144
net.ipv4.udp_mem = 65536 131072 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 33554432
net.ipv4.udp_rmem_min = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 87380 33554432
net.ipv4.udp_wmem_min = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 1440000
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 400000
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_rfc1337 = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_ecn = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 60
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 10
net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1These sysctl.conf settings help to maximize the performance of your server under DDoS as well as the effectiveness of the iptables rules that we’re going to provide in this guide.
The Actual IPtables Anti-DDoS Rules
Considering you now know that you need to use the mangle table and the PREROUTING chain as well as optimized kernel settings to mitigate the effects of DDoS attacks, we’ll now move on to a couple of example rules to mitigate most TCP DDoS attacks.
DDoS attacks are complex.
There are many different types of DDoS and it’s close to impossible to maintain signature-based rules against all of them.
But luckily there is something called connection tracking (nf_conntrack kernel module), which can help us to mitigate almost any TCP-based DDoS attack that doesn’t use SYN packets that seem legitimate.
This includes all types of ACK and SYN-ACK DDoS attacks as well as DDoS attacks that use bogus TCP flags.
We’ll start with just five simple iptables rules that will already drop many TCP-based DDoS attacks.
Via SSH you need to insert the next codes:
Block Invalid Packets
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID -j DROPThis rule blocks all packets that are not a SYN packet and don’t belong to an established TCP connection.
Block New Packets That Are Not SYN
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp ! --syn -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j DROPThis blocks all packets that are new (don’t belong to an established connection) and don’t use the SYN flag. This rule is similar to the “Block Invalid Packets” one, but we found that it catches some packets that the other one doesn’t.
Block Uncommon MSS Values
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m tcpmss ! --mss 536:65535 -j DROPThe above iptables rule blocks new packets (only SYN packets can be new packets as per the two previous rules) that use a TCP MSS value that is not common. This helps to block dumb SYN floods.
Block Packets With Bogus TCP Flags
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN FIN,SYN -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,RST FIN,RST -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags ACK,URG URG -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags ACK,PSH PSH -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROPThe above ruleset blocks packets that use bogus TCP flags, ie. TCP flags that legitimate packets wouldn’t use.
Block Packets From Private Subnets (Spoofing)
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 224.0.0.0/3 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 169.254.0.0/16 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.0.2.0/24 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 0.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 240.0.0.0/5 -j DROP
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 127.0.0.0/8 ! -i lo -j DROPThese rules block spoofed packets originating from private (local) subnets. On your public network interface you usually don’t want to receive packets from private source IPs.
These rules assume that your loopback interface uses the 127.0.0.0/8 IP space.
These five sets of rules alone already block many TCP-based DDoS attacks at very high packet rates.
With the kernel settings and rules mentioned above, you’ll be able to filter ACK and SYN-ACK attacks at line rate.
Additional Rules
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p icmp -j DROPThis drops all ICMP packets. ICMP is only used to ping a host to find out if it’s still alive. Because it’s usually not needed and only represents another vulnerability that attackers can exploit, we block all ICMP packets to mitigate Ping of Death (ping flood), ICMP flood and ICMP fragmentation flood.
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m connlimit --connlimit-above 80 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-resetThis iptables rule helps against connection attacks. It rejects connections from hosts that have more than 80 established connections. If you face any issues you should raise the limit as this could cause troubles with legitimate clients that establish a large number of TCP connections.
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m limit --limit 60/s --limit-burst 20 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j DROPLimits the new TCP connections that a client can establish per second. This can be useful against connection attacks, but not so much against SYN floods because the usually use an endless amount of different spoofed source IPs.
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -f -j DROPThis rule blocks fragmented packets. Normally you don’t need those and blocking fragments will mitigate UDP fragmentation flood. But most of the time UDP fragmentation floods use a high amount of bandwidth that is likely to exhaust the capacity of your network card, which makes this rule optional and probably not the most useful one.
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags RST RST -m limit --limit 2/s --limit-burst 2 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags RST RST -j DROPThis limits incoming TCP RST packets to mitigate TCP RST floods. Effectiveness of this rule is questionable.
Mitigating SYN Floods With SYNPROXY
SYNPROXY is a new target of iptables that has been added in Linux kernel version 3.12 and iptables 1.4.21. CentOS 7 backported the feature and it’s available in its 3.10 default kernel.
The purpose of SYNPROXY is to check whether the host that sent the SYN packet actually establishes a full TCP connection or just does nothing after it sent the SYN packet.
If it does nothing, it discards the packet with minimal performance impact.
While the iptables rules that we provided above already block most TCP-based attacks, the attack type that can still slip through them if sophisticated enough is a SYN flood.
It’s important to note that the performance of the rules will always be better if we find a certain pattern or signature to block, such as packet length (-m length), TOS (-m tos), TTL (-m ttl) or strings and hex values (-m string and -m u32 for the more advanced users).
But in some rare cases that’s not possible or at least not easy to achieve. So, in these cases, you can make use of SYNPROXY.
Here are iptables SYNPROXY rules that help mitigate SYN floods that bypass our other rules:
iptables -t raw -A PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp --syn -j CT --notrack
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID,UNTRACKED -j SYNPROXY --sack-perm --timestamp --wscale 7 --mss 1460
iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID -j DROPThese rules apply to all ports. If you want to use SYNPROXY only on certain TCP ports that are active (recommended – also you should block all TCP ports that are not in use using the mangle table and PREROUTING chain), you can just add –dport 80 to each of the rules if you want to use SYNPROXY on port 80 only.
To verify that SYNPROXY is working, you can do watch -n1 cat /proc/net/stat/synproxy. If the values change when you establish a new TCP connection to the port you use SYNPROXY on, it works.
The Complete IPtables Anti-DDoS Rules
If you don’t want to copy & paste each single rule we discussed in this article, you can use the below ruleset for basic DDoS protection of your Linux server.
### 1: Drop invalid packets ###
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID -j DROP
### 2: Drop TCP packets that are new and are not SYN ###
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp ! --syn -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j DROP
### 3: Drop SYN packets with suspicious MSS value ###
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m tcpmss ! --mss 536:65535 -j DROP
### 4: Block packets with bogus TCP flags ###
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN FIN,SYN -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,RST FIN,RST -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags ACK,URG URG -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags ACK,PSH PSH -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROP
### 5: Block spoofed packets ###
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 224.0.0.0/3 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 169.254.0.0/16 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.0.2.0/24 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 0.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 240.0.0.0/5 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 127.0.0.0/8 ! -i lo -j DROP
### 6: Drop ICMP (you usually don't need this protocol) ###
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p icmp -j DROP
### 7: Drop fragments in all chains ###
/sbin/iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -f -j DROP
### 8: Limit connections per source IP ###
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m connlimit --connlimit-above 111 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
### 9: Limit RST packets ###
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags RST RST -m limit --limit 2/s --limit-burst 2 -j ACCEPT
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags RST RST -j DROP
### 10: Limit new TCP connections per second per source IP ###
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m limit --limit 60/s --limit-burst 20 -j ACCEPT
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j DROP
### 11: Use SYNPROXY on all ports (disables connection limiting rule) ###
# Hidden - unlock content above in "Mitigating SYN Floods With SYNPROXY" sectionBonus Rules
Here are some more iptables rules that are useful to increase the overall security of a Linux server:
### SSH brute-force protection ###
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m recent --set
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 10 -j DROP
### Protection against port scanning ###
/sbin/iptables -N port-scanning
/sbin/iptables -A port-scanning -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,ACK,FIN,RST RST -m limit --limit 1/s --limit-burst 2 -j RETURN
/sbin/iptables -A port-scanning -j DROPThis tutorial is EPIC! 100% working and was made by JavaPipe!
